1 txoj kev xav nyiam los ntawm lus Askiv pubs thiab taverns los ntawm 17th xyoo: Bartenders yuav saib xyuas ntawm kev haus cawv ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas, khaws qhov muag ntawm pints thiab quarts uas tau noj. Raws li kev ceeb toom rau cov patrons, tus bartender xav kom lawv "xav lawv Ps thiab Qs ".
P's thiab Q's sawv cev li cas?
The Basic Politeness Theory. Tej zaum qhov kev piav qhia dav dav kuj tshwm sim los ua qhov ncaj tshaj plaws: "p's" suab me ntsis zoo li "thov," "q's" suab me ntsis zoo li "ua tsaug," yog li nco ntsoov koj p's thiab q's kawg txhais tau tias " kom nco ntsoov koj tus cwj pwm zoo " Nws yog ib lub tswv yim zoo, tab sis nws tsis yog ib qho kev ntseeg tshwj xeeb …
P thiab Q sawv cev rau dab tsi hauv logic?
Nyob hauv tshooj no, cov tsiaj ntawv me me xws li p, q, thiab r sawv rau propositions, tsab ntawv T yog qhov tseeb, thiab tsab ntawv F yog qhov cuav. … Tsab ntawv T kuj sawv cev rau cov lus hais uas ib txwm muaj tseeb, thiab tsab ntawv F sawv cev rau cov lus pom uas tsis tseeb.
P thiab Q sawv cev rau P' thiab Q' li cas?
Bartenders yuav saib xyuas kev haus cawv ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas; khaws lub qhov muag ntawm pints thiab quarts uas tau noj. Raws li kev ceeb toom rau cov patrons, tus bartender xav kom lawv " xav lawv Ps thiab Qs ".
P → Q yog dab tsi?
Ib nqe lus raws cai yog qhov sib npaug rau nws qhov kev sib cav. Converse: Piv txwv li cov nqe lus raws cai ntawm daim ntawv "Yog p ces q" muab. Lub converse yog "Yog q ces p." Symbolically, lub converse ntawm p q yog q p.
